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The Iraq Conflict!
What led up to it & how it happened.
Iraq and the World Petroleum Industry, 1904-1948
The International Petroleum Cartel, Staff Report to the Federal Trade Commission, released through Subcommittee on
Monopoly of Select Committee on Small Business, U.S. Senate, 83d Cong., 2nd sess (Washington, DC, 1952), Chapter 4, "Joint
Control Through Common Ownership--The Iraq Petroleum Co., Ltd.," pp. 47-112
US-Iraq Relations, 1950-1980
Department of State Report. "Conference of Middle East Chiefs of Mission
(Istanbul, February 14-21, 1951): Agreed Conclusions and Recommendations," c. February 21, 1951.
United States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Edward S. Crocker II to the Department
of State. "Anti-communist Poster Material Prepared by USIS Baghdad," March 10, 1951.
United States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Edward S. Crocker II to the Department
of State. "Foreign Leader Grants for Iraqis," March 26, 1951.
Department of State, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs Memorandum
of Conversation. "Anglo-American Cooperation in the Psychological Field in the Arab States and Iran" [Attached to Cover Memorandum
Dated April 2, 1951], March 30, 1951.
Department of State Airgram from Dean Acheson to the United States Embassy,
Iraq. [Opposition to Book Publication], August 29, 1951
University of Michigan. Department of Near Eastern Studies Letter from George
Cameron to Edward W. Barrett. [Propaganda Activities in Iraq; Attached to Cover Memorandum], October 24, 1951.
United States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Edward S. Crocker II to the Department
of State. [Opinion Survey], February 6, 1952.
Department of State Transcript. "Working Group on Special Materials for Arab
and Other Moslem Countries" [Attached to Cover Memorandum Dated April 2, 1952; Includes Attachment], April 1, 1952.
United States. National Security Council. Executive Secretary Report to the
United States. National Security Council. "United States Objectives and Policies with Respect to the Arab States and Israel"
[Annex to NSC 129], April 7, 1952.
United States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Edward S. Crocker II to the Department
of State. "Proposed Information Program for Iraq," May 16, 1952.
United States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Philip W. Ireland to the Department
of State. ""When the Communists Came"," July 8, 1952.
United States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Philip W. Ireland to the Department
of State. "Mechanics of Controlling an Election," July 18, 1952.
United States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Burton Berry to the Department of
State. [Iraqi Attitudes], September 11, 1952.
United States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Special IIA Projects for Islamic Countries," October 1, 1952.
Department of State, Executive Secretariat Letter from W.J. McWilliams to
William H. Draper, Jr. [Forwards Minutes from Chiefs of Mission Meeting], October 2, 1952.
United States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Harry L. Smith to the Department
of State. "Arabic Anti-communist Pamphlet Program," October 7, 1952.
United States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Partisans of Peace Object to Atomic Display" [Includes Article], October 18, 1952.
Department of State Airgram from David K.E. Bruce to the United States Embassy,
Iraq. [Top Secret Clearances], November 4, 1952.
Department of State, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South
Asian and African Affairs. Office of Near Eastern Affairs Memorandum from Richard E. Funkhouser to Parker T. Hart. "Additional
Notes on Possible Iraq, Syria, Lebanese Reactions to MEDO," November 5, 1952.
United States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Burton Berry to the Department of
State. [Attack on United States Information Service Building], November 23, 1952.
United States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Burton Berry to the Department of
State. [Occupation of United States Information Service Building], November 24, 1952.
United States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Burton Berry to the Department of
State. [Possible Disclosure of Classified Material], November 24, 1952.
United States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Burton Berry to the Department of
State. [Ambassador Berry Speaks with Prime Minister], December 13, 1952.
Department of State Memorandum from Wilson S. Compton to David K.E. Bruce.
"Colloquium on Islamic Culture to Be Held in September, 1953, under the Joint Sponsorship of the Library of Congress and Princeton
University" [Attached to Cover Note Dated January 16, 1953; Includes Enclosure], January 13, 1953.
Princeton University Letter from Bayard Dodge to Richard H. Sanger. [Colloquium
on Islamic Culture], February 2, 1953.
United States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Philip W. Ireland to the Department
of State. "Opportunities for Anti-communist Activities among Students [Includes Memorandum of Conversation], March 30, 1953.
Department of State Memorandum from G. Huntington Damon to Fred L. Hadsel.
"Briefing Paper for Secretary--Islamic Colloquium" [Includes Summary], April 30, 1953.
Colloquium on Islamic Culture Letter from Helen M. Anderson to Richard H.
Sanger. [Background Information on Islamic Colloquium; Includes Minutes, Letter, and Budget], May 8, 1953.
United States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the
Department of State. "Anti-communist 'Brain Washing' Program to Be Instituted at Summer ROTC Camps for Students," May 26,
1953.
United States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Results of Evaluation Survey of 'Where Are They Now?'," July 6, 1953.
Department of State Airgram from John Foster Dulles. "Information Plan for
the Arab Area," July 6, 1953.
United States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Philip W. Ireland to the Department
of State. "Evaluation of 'Hoja' Films," July 18, 1953.
Department of State, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South
Asian and African Affairs. Office of Near Eastern Affairs Memorandum from Burton Berry to Henry Byroade. [Secretary of State's
Understanding of Middle Eastern Problems; Attached to Cover Sheet Dated July 23, 1953], July 23, 1953.
United States Embassy, Egypt Despatch from Jefferson Caffery to the Department
of State. "Colloquium on Islamic Culture and Saeed Ramadhan," July 27, 1953.
United States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Visit to the Barzani Area" [Includes Memorandum], August 11, 1953.
United States Embassy, Iraq. Office of the Air Attaché Memorandum to the
United States. Air Force. Chief of Staff. "Joint Weeka Nr.34--Section I" [Iraqi Assistance for the Shah], August 22, 1953.
Department of State, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South
Asian and African Affairs. Office of Near Eastern Affairs Memorandum from F.O. Allen to Parker T. Hart. "Possible Effects
on Arab Attitudes toward the Unified Plan and a Palestinian Settlement, and Potential Effects on the 'Cold War' Posture of
Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq If Large-Scale Economic Aid is Given to Egypt at this Juncture," December 23, 1953.
United States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Anti-communist Campaign of Iraq Government" [Includes Leaflet], January 13, 1954.
United States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Burton Berry to the Department of
State. [Attacking Iraqi Neutralism], January 19, 1954.
United States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Samples of Anti-communist Propaganda," March 16, 1954.
United States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Report of PAO Dinsmore Shows Extent of Communist Organization in Sulaimaniya Liwa, [Kurdish area]" April 5, 1954.
United States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Anti-communist Campaign on Radio Baghdad," April 7, 1954.
United States Embassy, Iraq. Office of the Air Attaché Cable to the United
States. Air Force. Chief of Staff. [Ba'athists Emerge], May 22, 1954.
United States. National Security Council. Office of the Executive Secretary
Memorandum from James S. Lay, Jr. to the United States. National Security Council. "United States Objectives and Policies
with Respect to the Middle East" [Includes Draft Amendments], July 6, 1954.
United States. National Security Council Report. "United States
Objectives and Policies with Respect to the Near East," July 23, 1954.
United States Information Service. Baghdad (Iraq) Despatch from David Newsom
to the Department of State. "Naji Musa" [Anticommunist Pamphlet], August 17, 1954.
Baghdad Pact; February 4, 1955
United States. National Security Council. Operations Coordinating Board Memorandum
to the United States. National Security Council. "Detailed Development of Major Actions relating to the Near East (NSC 5428)
from April 17, 1955 through October 7, 1955" [Includes Paper], October 11, 1955.
Biographic sketch of Saddam Hussein by British Embassy Baghdad,
November 15, 1969
Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Iraq, Washington,
April 13, 1964 recommending that US independent oil companies not bid for Iraqi concessions
President Gerald Ford, Exclusive Interview on Possible Military Intervention
in the Middle East, U.S. News and World Report, November 25, 1974, p. 24
Interview by Newsweek with Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger on the Conditions
of a Military Intervention on the Issue of Oil Prices, December 18, 1974, Department of State Bulletin, January 20,
1975, p. 61-62
Interview by Business Week with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger
on Possible Responses to "Strangulation" of the Industrialized World by OPEC, December 23, 1974, Department of State Bulletin,
January 27, 1975, p. 101
Television Interview by Hugh Sidey with Secretary of Defense Schlesinger,
Excerpt on the Likelihood of War in the Middle East Over Oil, Washington Straight Talk, January 7, 1974, The Agency Library,
USIA, August, 1974, p. 35
Press Conference with Secretary of State Henry Kissinger on the Possibilities
of Going to War Over Oil Prices, January 10, 1975, State Department News Release, January 10, 1975, p. 6
US, Secretary of Defense Schlesinger, News Conference
at the Pentagon, Discussion on the Use of Force in the Middle East, January 14, 1974, Defense Department Press Release, Same
Date, pp. 2, 7-8, 9, 11
Interview for "Bill Moyers' Journal" by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger
on Possibilities of War in the Middle East over Oil Prices, January 15, 1975, Department of State Bulletin, February 10, 1975,
pp. 172-173
President Gerald Ford, Exclusive Interview on Military Intervention in the
Middle East in Response to Oil Price Increases, Time Magazine, January 20, 1975, p. 21
President Ford's News Conference of January 21, 1975, Questions on Military
Intervention in the Middle East, Department of State Bulletin, February 10, 1975, pp. 179-180)
President Ford's Interview with NBC Television and Radio, January 23, 1975,
Questions on Military Intervention in the Middle East, Department of State Bulletin, February 10, 1975, pp. 179-180)
Secretary of State Henry Kissinger on the Possibilities for War in the Middle
East Over Oil Embargoes, Press Conference, January 28, 1975, State Department News Release, January 28, 1975, pp. 2-3
US, Transcript, "Secretary's (Kissinger) Principals and Regionals Staff Meeting,"
April 28, 1975 (Excerpt on Iraqi Objectives and Saddam Hussein)
US, Secretary of Defense Schlesinger on Possible US Responses to Another
Oil Embargo, Interview with U.S. News and World Report, May 26, 1975, pp. 38-39
U.S., Congress, Committee
on International Relations, Special Subcommittee on Investigations, Oil Fields as Military Objectives: A Feasibility Study,
Report Prepared by the Congressional Research Service, 94th Cong., 1st sess., August 21, 1975, (Washington, DC: US Government
Printing Office, 1975), Parts I and II, pp. 1-39.
Richard Sale, UPI Intelligence Correspondent, "Saddam
key in early CIA plot," From the International Desk, Published 4/10/2003 7:30 PM
Memorandum of Conversation, Henry Kissinger et al with Iraqi Minister of
Foreign Affairs Sa'dun Hammadi, December 17, 1975
Department of State, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs Memorandum
from Nathaniel W. Howell to Harold H. Saunders. "Appropriate Settings for a Presidential Statement on Islam," December 14,
1979.
1980-1990
"Shaking Hands with Saddam Hussein: The U.S. Tilts toward Iraq, 1980-1984,"
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82, Edited by Joyce Battle, February 25, 2003
United States Embassy in Turkey Cable from Richard W. Boehm to the Department
of State. "Back Up of Transshipment Cargos for Iraq," November 21, 1980.
Department of State Cable from Alexander M. Haig, Jr. to All Near Eastern
and South Asian Diplomatic Posts. "Military Equipment for Iran and Iraq," February 16, 1981.
United States Interests Section in Iraq Cable from William L. Eagleton, Jr.
to the Department of State. "Prospects for DAS [Deputy Assistant Secretary] Draper's Visit To Baghdad," April 4, 1981.
Department of State Cable from Alexander M. Haig, Jr. to the United States
Interests Section in Iraq. "Secretary's Message To Iraqi Foreign Minister," April 8, 1981.
United States Interests Section in Iraq Cable from William L. Eagleton, Jr.
to the Department of State. "Meetings in Baghdad with Foreign Minister Hammadi," April 12, 1981.
Iraq Ministry of Foreign Affairs Letter from Saadoun Hammadi to Alexander
M. Haig, Jr. [Iraqi Minister for Foreign Affairs Praise for Visit of Under Secretary Draper], April 15, 1981.
United States Interests Section in Iraq Cable from William L. Eagleton, Jr.
to the Department of State. "Letter to the Secretary from Iraqi Foreign Minister Hammadi," April 20, 1981.
Department of State Cable from Alexander M. Haig, Jr. to the Iraqi Interests
Section in the United States. "Meeting with Iraqint Chief al-Omar" [For Eagleton from Draper], April 22, 1981.
United States Interests Section in Iraq Cable from William L. Eagleton, Jr.
to Department of State. "Meeting with Tariq Aziz," May 28, 1981.
Department of State Cable from Alexander M. Haig, Jr. to the United States
Interests Section in Iraq. "U.S. Policy on Arms Sales and Transfers to Iraq and Iran," June 3, 1981.
US, Interagency Intelligence Assessment, Implications of Israeli Attack
on Iraq, July 1, 1981.
United States Interests Section in Iraq Cable to the Department of State.
"Staffdel [Staff Delegation] Pillsbury's Visit to Baghdad," September 27, 1981.
Department of State Cable from Alexander M. Haig, Jr. to the United States
Interests Section in Iraq. "De-designation of Iraq as Supporter of International Terrorism," February 27, 1982.
National Security Study Directive (NSSD 4-82) from Ronald W. Reagan. "U.S.
Strategy for the Near East and Southwest Asia," March 19, 1982.
United States Interests Section in Iraq Cable from William L. Eagleton, Jr.
to the Department of Commerce. "Helicopters and Airplanes for Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform," September
20, 1982.
Department of State, Office of the Secretary Delegation Cable from George
P. Shultz to the Department of State. "Secretary's May 10 Meeting with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz," May 11, 1983.
Department of State Cable from George P. Shultz to the United States Interests
Section in Iraq. "Message from the Secretary for FON MIN Tariq Aziz: Iraqi Support for Terrorism," May 23, 1983.
Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence Appraisal. "The
Iraqi Nuclear Program: Progress Despite Setbacks," June 1983.
United States Interests Section in Iraq Cable from Barbara K. Bodine to the
Department of State. "Militarization of Hughes Helicopters," June 8, 1983.
National Security Decision Directive (NSDD 99) from Ronald W. Reagan. "United
States Security Strategy for the Near East and South Asia" [Attached to Cover Memorandum; Heavily Excised], July 12, 1983.
Department of State, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs Information
Memorandum from Jonathan T. Howe to Lawrence S. Eagleburger. "Iran-Iraq War: Analysis of Possible U.S. Shift from Position
of Strict Neutrality," October 7, 1983.
Foreign Broadcast Information Service Transcription. "IRNA Reports Iraqi
Regime Using Chemical Weapons to Stop Val-Fajr IV," October 22, 1983.
Department of State, Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs Information Memorandum
from Jonathan T. Howe to George P. Shultz. "Iraq Use of Chemical Weapons," November 1, 1983.
Department of State, Executive Secretary Memorandum from M. Charles Hill
to Robert C. McFarlane. "Public Diplomacy Strategy for the Middle East" [Includes Memorandum], November 2, 1983.
Department of State, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Near Eastern and
South Asian Affairs Action Memorandum from Jonathan T. Howe to Lawrence S. Eagleburger. "Iraqi Use of Chemical Weapons" [Includes
Cables Entitled "Deterring Iraqi Use of Chemical Weapons" and "Background of Iraqi Use of Chemical Weapons"], November 21,
1983
National Security Decision Directive (NSDD 114) from Ronald W. Reagan. "U.S.
Policy toward the Iran-Iraq War," November 26, 1983.
Department of State Cable from Kenneth W. Dam to the United States Interests
Section in Iraq. "Rumsfeld Visit to Iraq," December 7, 1983.
United States Interests Section in Iraq Cable from William L. Eagleton, Jr.
to the Department of State [et al.]. "Rumsfeld Visit to Iraq," December 10, 1983.
United States Interests Section in Iraq Cable from William L. Eagleton, Jr.
to the United States Embassy in Jordan. "Talking Points for Amb. [Ambassador] Rumsfeld's Meeting with Tariq Aziz and Saddam
Hussein," December 14, 1983.
United States Embassy in Italy Cable from Maxwell M. Rabb to the Department
of State. "Rumsfeld's Larger Meeting with Iraqi Deputy PM [Prime Minister] and FM [Foreign Minister] Tariz [Tariq] Aziz, December
19," December 20, 1983.
United States Embassy in United Kingdom Cable from Charles H. Price II to
the Department of State. "Rumsfeld Mission: December 20 Meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein," December 21, 1983.
United States Embassy in the United Kingdom Cable from Charles H. Price II
to the Department of State. "Rumsfeld One-on-One Meeting with Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister," December 21, 1983.
Department of State, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Near Eastern and
South Asian Affairs Action Memorandum from Richard W. Murphy to Lawrence S. Eagleburger. "EXIM [Export-Import] Bank Financing
for Iraq" [Includes Letter From Lawrence S. Eagleburger to William Draper, Dated December 24, 1983], December 22, 1983.
Department of State Cable from Kenneth W. Dam to United States Embassy in
Jordan. "Rumsfeld Mission: Meeting with King Hussein in London," December 23, 1983.
United States Interests Section in Iraq Cable from William L. Eagleton, Jr.
to the Department of State. "Follow-up on Rumsfeld Visit to Baghdad," December 26, 1983
Department of State Cable from George P. Shultz to the United States Consulate
General, Jerusalem. "Follow-up Steps on Iraq-Iran" [Includes Transmittal Sheet], January 14, 1984.
Department of State, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Near Eastern and
South Asian Affairs Action Memorandum from David T. Schneider to George P. Shultz. "Easing Restrictions on Exports to Iraq,"
January 30, 1984
Philip Shenon, "Iraq Links Germs for Weapons to U.S. and France," New
York Times, 16 March 2003
Export-Import Bank of the United States, Country Risk Analysis Division Memorandum
to the Export-Import Bank of the United States, Africa and Middle East Division, Board of Directors. "Country Review and Recommendations
for Eximbank's Programs" [Extract; Includes Document Entitled "Appendix I: Iraq"], February 21, 1984.
United States Interests Section in Iraq Cable from William L. Eagleton, Jr.
to the Department of State. "Iraqi Warning re Iranian Offensive," February 22, 1984.
Department of State, Executive Secretary Memorandum from M. Charles Hill
to Robert C. McFarlane. "Public Diplomacy Strategy for the Middle East and Lebanon" [Includes Memorandum, Press Themes, Speakers
List, and List of Project Programs], March 2, 1984.
Department of State Cable from George P. Shultz to the United States Interests
Section in Iraq. "U.S. Chemical Shipment to Iraq," March 4, 1984.
Department of State, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs Memorandum
from James A. Placke to James M. Ealum [et al.]. [U.S. Condemnation of Iraqi Chemical Weapons Use], March 4, 1984.
Department of State Memorandum. "Notifying Congress of [Excised] Truck Sale,"
March 5, 1984.
United States Interests Section in Iraq Cable from William L. Eagleton, Jr.
to the Department of State. "Iraq Reacts Angrily to U.S. Condemnation of CW [Chemical Weapons] Use," March 7, 1984.
State Department Cable to Middle East Posts, "Department Press Briefing March
9, 1984," March 10, 1984
United States Embassy in Austria Cable from Helene A. von Damm to the Department
of State. "Iranian War Wounded in Vienna," March 13, 1984
State Department Cable to Embassy Amman and U.S. Interests Section Baghdad,
"Kittani Call on Under Secretary Eagleburger," March 18, 1984
Department of State Cable from George P. Shultz to the United States Embassy
in Sudan. "Briefing Notes for Rumsfeld Visit to Baghdad [Page Missing]," March 24, 1984.
State Department Cable to Donald Rumsfeld Party, "Briefing Notes for Rumsfeld Visit to Baghdad," March 24, 1984
United States Embassy in Bahrain Cable from Donald Charles seidel to the Department of State. "Middle East Mission: U.S. Efforts
to Stop Arms Transfers to Iran," March 24, 1984
Mission to the United Nations Cable from Jeane J. Kirkpatrick to the Department of State. "U.N. Report on Chemical Weapons
Use in Iran/Iraq War: Consideration in Security Council," March 28, 1984
Department of State, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs Cover Memorandum from Allen Overmyer to James A. Placke.
[United Nations Security Council Response to Iranian Chemical Weapons Complaint; Includes Revised Working Paper], March 30,
1984.
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Iraqi Conflict Documents Continued...
Department of State Cable from George P. Shultz to the United States Embassy in Lebanon [et al.]. "Department Press Briefing,
March 30, 1984," March 31, 1984.
Dana Priest, "Rumsfeld Visited Baghdad in 1984 to Reassure Iraqis, Documents Show: Trip Followed Criticism Of Chemical Arms'
Use," Washington Post, 19 December 2003, Page A42
National Security Decision Directive (NSDD 139) from Ronald W. Reagan. "Measures to Improve U.S. Posture and Readiness to
Respond to Developments in the Iran-Iraq War," April 5, 1984.
Department of State Cable from George P. Shultz to United States Embassy in Jordan. "Chemical Weapons: Meeting With Iraqi
Charge," April 6, 1984.
United States Interests Section. Iraq Cable from William L. Eagleton, Jr. to the Department of State. "Bell Discusses Possible
Helicopter Sale to Iraq," April 12, 1984.
Cable from U.S. Interests Section Baghdad to State Department, "Iraqi Attitude toward an Israeli Embarace [sic] on the Aqaba
Pipeline," April 16, 1984
Letter from Richard M. Nixon to Nicolae Ceausescu. [Regarding U.S.-Romanian Venture to Sell Uniforms to Iraq], May 3, 1984.
Department of State, Special Adviser to the Secretary on Nonproliferation Policy and Nuclear Energy Affairs Memorandum from
Dick Gronet to Richard T. Kennedy. "U.S. Dual-Use Exports to Iraq: Specific Actions" [Includes Document Entitled "Dual Use
Exports to Iraq" Dated April 27, 1984], May 9, 1984.
Letter from the Bechtel Corporation to the Iraqi Oil Ministry on Building an Oil Pipeline, 20 July 1984
Internal Memo from the Bechtel Corporation on the Proposed Iraq/Jordan Pipeline and the Effect of the Israeli Elections on
the Proposal, 26 July 1984
Defense Intelligence Agency Intelligence Report. "Defense Estimative Brief: Prospects for Iraq," September 25, 1984.
Letter from the Bechtel Corporation to James Placke, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs,
U.S. Department of State on security guarantees to the Iraqi Government for pipeline security, 15 October 1984
Department of State, Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs Briefing Paper. "Iraqi Illegal Use of Chemical Weapons," November
16, 1984.
Department of State Cable from George P. Shultz to the United States Embassy in Iraq. "Memcon [Memorandum of Conversation]:
Secretary's Meeting with Iraqi DepPrimMin [Deputy Prime Minister] Tariq Aziz, November 26, 1984, 10:00 a.m.," November 29,
1984.
Notes from the first Rappaport (IMG)/Bechtel meeting on Aqaba Pipeline Security, 7 January 1985
Internal Bechtel Memo on Aqaba Pipeline Security and Methods to Obtain US Support, 23 January 1985
Internal Bechtel Memo on Arranging a Meeting between Rappopart (IMG) and Cordell Hull on Aqaba Pipeline, 8 February 1985
Cable from U.S. Embassy Amman to State Department, "Hussein on Mubarak's Visit and Their Joint Trip to Iraq," March 19, 1985
Cable from U.S. Embassy Baghdad to State Department, "Views of the Jordanian and Egyptian Ambassadors on Iraq: the War, the
Peace Process, and Inter-Arab Relations," March 28, 1985
Internal Bechtel Memo Proposing the Text of an Agreement between the US and Jordan on Cooperation in Petroleum Matters, 3
May 1985
Letter from Julius Kaplan of the Law Offices of Kaplan, Russin and Vecchi informing Bechtel that James Schlesinger, former
US Secretary of Defense, will lead the Team discussing the Aqaba Pipeline, 14 June 1985
Letter from William P. Clark to E. Robert Wallach on his commitment to the Aqaba Pipeline project, 11 July 1985
Internal Bechtel Memo on Arrangements for Getting US Government Support for Aqaba Pipeline Project, 1 August 1985
Letter from Shimon Peres to Attorney General Ed Meese on the Aqaba Pipeline, 19 September 1985
Internal Bechtel Memo on Status of Aqaba Pipeline Agreement, 30 January 1986
Internal Bechtel Memo on Status of Aqaba Pipeline Agreement, 7 February 1986
Cable from U.S. Embassy Baghdad to State Department, "Minister of Industry Blasts Senate Action on Incident at Halabja to
Representatives of Bechtel," September 13, 1988
US, CIA, Iraq's National Security Goals, December 1988
US, CIA, Iraqi Ballistic Missile Developments, July 1990
1991-2001
"Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf," The White House, National Security Directive (NSD 54), top secret, January 15,
1991
President George Bush, January 16, 1991, Address to the Nation Announcing Allied Military Action in the Persian Gulf
President George Bush, State of the Union Address, 1991
US, Central Intelligence Agency, Prewar Status of Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction, March 1991
John Edward Wilz, "The Making of Mr. Bush's War: A Failure to Learn from History? " Presidential Studies Quarterly, Summer
1996
Christopher Layne, "Why the Gulf War Was Not in the National Interest," Atlantic Monthly, July 1991
John R. MacArthur, "Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War: How Government Can Mold Public Opinion," Independent Policy
Forum, San Francisco, 7 October 1993
Benedetto Conforti, "Non-Coercive Sanctions in the United Nations Charter: Some Lessons from the Gulf War," European Journal
of International Law, Vol. 2, no. 2 (1991)
Peter Malanczuk, "The Kurdish Crisis and Allied Intervention in the Aftermath of the Second Gulf War," European Jounral of
International Law, Vol. 2, no. 2 (1991
US, CIA, Project Babylon: The Iraqi Supergun, November 1991
US, CIA, Iraqi BW Mission Planning, 1992
Alan Tonelson, "The Persian Gulf: Still Mired," The Atlantic Monthly, June 1993
BARBARA CROSSETTE, "UNICEF Says Thousands of Iraqi Children Are Dying," New York Times, October 29, 1996
Kanan Makiya, "The Politics of Betrayal," [Kurds] The New York Review of Books, Vol. 43, No. 16, 1996, p. 8
PHILIP SHENON, "Iran-Iraq Battles Lead U.S. To Send Aircraft Carrier," New York Times, October 4, 1997
United Nations, Note by the Secretary General, October 6, 1998 w/att: Report of the Executive Chairman of the activities of
the Special Commission established by the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 9(b) (i) of the resolution 687 (1991).
United Nations, Note by the Secretary General, October 8, 1997 w/att: Letter dated 6 October 1997 from the Director General
of the International Atomic Energy Agency to the Secretary General, on inspections in Iraq
United Nations, Note by the Secretary General, October 8, 1997 w/att: Letter dated 6 October 1997 from the Director General
of the International Atomic Energy Agency to the Secretary General.
BARBARA CROSSETTE, "New U.N. Monitor Says Iraq Is Still Hiding Data on Weapons," New York Times, October 8, 1997
BARBARA CROSSETTE, "Iraq Warns U.N. On Weapons Inspections," New York Times, October 17, 1997
BARBARA CROSSETTE, "Splendor and Ruin: The Tale of Two Baghdads," New York Times, January 31, 1998
Memorandum of understanding between the United Nations and Iraq on weapons inspection dated February 23, 1998
Unofficial transcript of press conference with UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and Iraq Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz on
Memorandum of Understanding, Press conference on February 23, 1998
Report of the UNSCOM Chairman on the Mission to Baghdad, March 1998
SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1154, Adopted by the Security Council at its 3858th meeting on 2 March 1998
Steve Bowman, Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division, Congressional Research Service, "Iraqi Chemical & Biological
Weapons (CBW) Capabilities," April 1998
BARBARA CROSSETTE and JUDITH MILLER, "Nuclear Suspicions Cling to Iraq in Latest Report," New York Times, July 28, 1998
Barton Gellman, "Iraqi Work Toward A-Bomb Reported: U.S. Was Told of 'Implosion Devices'" Washington Post, September 30, 1998
United Nations, Note by the Secretary General, October 6, 1998 w/att: Report of the Executive Chairman of the activities of
the Special Commission established by the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 9(b) (i) of the resolution 687 (1991) on
inspection process in Iraq
U.S. Department of State, David Welch, Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, Worldnet "Dialogue:" U.S.
Brokered Northern Iraq Accord and U.S.-Iraq Relations, October 15, 1998
Text of a Letter from President Clinton to the US Senate on Iraqi Compliance with UN Resolutions, 5 November 1998
PRESS BRIEFING BY JOE LOCKHART on the Iraqi Crisis, 10 November 1998
PRESS BRIEFING BY JOE LOCKHART on the Iraqi Crisis, 12 November 1998
PRESS BRIEFING BY JOE LOCKHART on the Iraqi Crisis, 13 November 1998
STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT on the Iraqi Crisis, 15 November 1998
PRESS BRIEFING BY NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR SAMUEL BERGER, 14 November 1998
PRESS BRIEFING BY NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR SANDY BERGER, SECRETARY OF DEFENSE WILLIAM COHEN, AND CHAIRMAN OF THE JOINT CHIEFS
GENERAL HUGH SHELTON on the Iraqi Crisis, 15 November 1998
State Department Press Briefing on US-Iraq Policy, 23 November 1998
STATE DEPARTMENT REPORT on Iraqi Policy, NOVEMBER 23, 1998
ALBRIGHT TO NAME SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE TO IRAQI OPPOSITION
REMARKS BY SAMUEL R. BERGER, ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA,
8 December 1998
STATEMENT BY PRESIDENT CLINTON on Iraqi Air Strikes, 16 December 1998
PRESS BRIEFING BY NATIONAL SECURITY ADVISOR SANDY BERGER on the Iraqi Situation, 16 December 1998
TEXT OF A LETTER FROM PRESIDENT CLINTON TO THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE
SENATE, December 18, 1998, (War Powers Declaration)
TEXT: CLINTON REMARKS TO THE ARAB WORLD, 18 December 1998
U.S. Department of State, Thomas Pickering, Under Secretary for Political Affairs, Press Briefing, Aftermath of Airstrikes
on Iraq, Washington, DC, December 22, 1998
TRANSCRIPT: ASSISTANT SECRETARY WELCH ON IRAQ POLICY, 22 December 1998
U.S. Department of State, Thomas Pickering, Under Secretary for Political Affairs, Interview on "The News Hour" with Jim Lehrer,
"UN Debate Over the Situation in Iraq," Washington, DC, December 22, 1998
U.S. Department of State, David Welch, Assistant Secretary for International Organizations, Worldnet "Global Exchange," U.S.
Policy Toward Iraq, Washington, DC, December 22, 1998
National Security Advisor Sandy Berger, National Pres Club, "CHANGE WILL COME TO IRAQ," 23 December 1998
PBS, Frontline, "Spying on Saddam," 1999
UN SECRETARY-GENERAL'S STATEMENT OF JANUARY 6, 1999 denying he has evidence of misuse of UNSCOM
TIM WEINER, "U.S. Aides Say U.N. Team Helped to Install Spy Device in Iraq," New York Times, January 8, 1999
TRANSCRIPT: ZINNI BRIEFING ON OPERATION DESERT FOX, 8 JANUARY 1999
Samuel R. Berger, "OIL FOR FOOD; THE OPPOSITE OF SANCTIONS," The Washington Post, 28 January 1999
SECRETARY OF STATE MADELEINE K. ALBRIGHT AND EGYPTIAN FOREIGN MINISTER MOUSSA FOLLOWING MEETING WITH PRESIDENT HOSNI MUBARAK,
Itihadiya Palace, Cairo, Egypt, January 27, 1999
Forged correspondence to Minister of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Niger, concerning visit to Niger by Iraqi ambassador to
the Vatican, February 1, 1999
United Nations Security Council, Letter Dated 8 February 1999 from the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the
Security Council, February 9, 1999 w/enc: Report of the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency in connection
with the panel on disarmament and current and future ongoing monitoring and verification issues (S/1999/100).
"UNITED STATES POLICY TOWARD IRAQ," HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON NEAR EASTERN AND SOUTH ASIAN AFFAIRS OF THE COMMITTEE
ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, UNITED STATES SENATE, ONE HUNDRED SIXTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION, MARCH 9, 1999
U.S. Department of State, Thomas R. Pickering, Under Secretary of State, Joint Hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
and the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, "U.S. Policy Toward Iraq: An Update," Washington, DC, March 17, 1999
U.S. Department of State, Thomas R. Pickering, Under Secretary of State, Joint Hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
and the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, "U.S. Policy Toward Iraq: An Update," Washington, DC, March 17, 1999
Forged correspondence within Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Niger, concerning transfer of uranium to Iraq, July
30, 1999.
U.S. Department of State, Elizabeth Jones, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, The Foreign
Press Center briefing, UNICEF Report on Sanctions on Iraq, Moderator: Marjorie Ransom, Washington, DC, August 13, 1999
U.S. Department of State, Elizabeth Jones, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, The Foreign
Press Center briefing, UNICEF Report on Sanctions on Iraq, Moderator: Marjorie Ransom, Washington, DC, August 13, 1999
PBS, Frontline, "The Survival of Saddam," 2000
Forged letter to the President, Republic of Niger, concerning agreement to supply 500 tons of uranium per year to Iraq, July
27, 2000
Forged letter to the Niger Ambassador to Italy, concerning protocol of agreement to supply uranium to Iraq, October 10, 2000.
A Synopsis of President Bush's Statements on Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction, January 2000-February 2003
US, Public Broadcasting System, Frontline, "Gunning for Saddam," 2001
US, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Proliferation: Threat and Response, January 2001 ("Iraq would need five or more years
and key foreign assistance to rebuild the infrastructure to enrich enough material for a nuclear weapon." p. 40)
Nicholas Lemann, "The Iraq Factor: Will the new Bush team's old memories shape its foreign policy?" New Yorker, 22 January
2001
"Iraq and America's Foreign Policy Crisis in the Middle East," Testimony to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Anthony
H. Cordesman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair for Strategy, Center for Strategic and International Studies, March 1, 2001
U.S., National Energy Policy Development Group, Report, Reliable, Affordable, and Environmentally Sound Energy for America's
Future, May 2001
Institute for Science and International Security, Conference Reanscripts, "Understanding the Lessons of Nuclear Inspections
and Monitoring in Iraq: A Ten-Year Review," June 14-15, 2001
Prepared Testimony of U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld, Senate Armed Services Committee, 21 June 2001
"Guidance and Terms for Reference for the 2001 Quadrennial Defense Review," Donald H. Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense, 22 June
2001
2002
President George W. Bush, "The State of the Union Address," 29 January 2002
Remarks by Vice President Dick Cheney Before the Council on Foreign Relations, New York Times, 16 February 2002
STEVEN ERLANGER, "Military Gulf Separates U.S. and European Allies," New York Times, 16 March 2002
Alan Cowell, "Britain's Imperial Lessons," New York Times, 31 March 2002
Timothy Garton Ash, "The Peril of Too Much Power," New York Times, 9 April 2002
Christopher Marquis, "For Allies, 'I Do' Becomes 'Hey, Want to Dance?'" New York Times, 14 April 2002
Thom Shanker and David E. Sanger, "U.S. Blueprint to Topple Hussein Envisions Big Invasion Next Year," New York Times, 28
April 2002
John R. Bolton, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, "Beyond the Axis of Evil: Additional Threats
from Weapons of Mass Destruction," Remarks to the Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC, May 6, 2002
The Right Honourable Jack Straw, British Foreign Secretary, Remarks to the Brookings Institution, Wednesday, May 8, 2002,
9:00 am, Falk Auditorium, The Brookings Institution, 1775 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, D.C.
Todd S. Purdum, "A Wider Atlantic: Europe Sees a Grotesque U.S.," New York Times, 16 May 2002
Remarks by President Bush at 2002 Graduation Exercise of the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York. 1 June
2002
Thomas E. Ricks and Vernon Loeb, Washington Post Staff Writers, "Bush Developing Military Policy Of Striking First: New Doctrine
Addresses Terrorism," The Washington Post, 10 June 2002
David E. Sanger, "Bush to Formalize a Defense Policy of Hitting First," New York Times, 17 June 2002
Peter Slevin, "The Word at the White House: Bush Formulates His Brand of Foreign Policy," The Washington Post, 23 June 2002,
p. B1
James Dao, "One Nation Plays the Great Game Alone," New York Times, 6 July 2002
Clyde Prestowitz, "America the Arrogant: Why Don't We Listen Anymore?" The Washington Post, 7 July 2002, p. B1
Michael Theodoulou in Nicosia and Roland Watson, "West sees glittering prizes ahead in giant oilfields," The Times (London),
11 July 2002
Remarks by President Bush to Troops and Families of the 10th Mountain Division - New York, 10th Mountain Division, Division
Hill, Fort Drum, New York , 19 July 2002
Karen DeYoung, "Bush to Create Formal Office To Shape U.S. Image Abroad," Washington Post, 30 July 2002
US, Dept. of Justice Aug 1, 2002 Memo to White House Counsel Alberto Gonzalez Re: Standards of Conduct for Interrogation,
1 August 2002
BBC News, "'Moral case' for deposing Saddam," 15 August 2002
U.S. Department of State's Office of International Information Programs, Phillip Kurata, "National Security Adviser Rice Makes
Case for Removing Saddam," Interview with BBC August 15, 16 August 2002
Prof. Bruce Ackerman "But What's the Legal Case for Preemption?" Yale Law School, 20 August 2002
Reuters, "Iraq Invasion Would Reshape U.S. Foreign Policy," New York Times, 22 August 2002
Victoria De Grazia, "The Selling of America, Bush Style," New York Times, 25 August 2002
Daniel Yergin, "Oil Prices Won't Depend on Iraq, but on Its Neighbors," New York Times, 25 August 2002
Vice President Dick Cheney at the Opening Session of the 103rd National Convention of the Veterans of Foreign Wars, Nashville,
TN, 26 August 2002, New York Times, 27 August 2002
Comments of Gen. Anthony Zinni (ret.) during a speech before the Florida Economic Club, Aug. 23, 2002
Andrew P. N. Erdmann, "Beating the Terrorist Challenge," Policy Planning Staff, Joint Session of American Legion National
Security and Foreign Relations Commissions, Charlotte, NC. August 24, 2002
Mike Salinero, "Gen. Zinni Says War With Iraq Is Unwise," Tampa Tribune, 24 August 2002
Glenn Kessler, "Diplomatic Gap Between U.S., Its Allies Widens," Washington Post, 1 September 2002, p. A20
Maureen Dowd, "Who's Your Daddy?" New York Times, 4 September 2002
Patrick Tyler, "Feeling Secure, U.S. Failed to Grasp bin Laden Threat," New York Times, 8 September 2002
Transcript of Interview with Vice-President Dick Cheney on Meet the Press, 8 September 2002
Interview with Condoleezza Rice conducted by Wolf Blitzer, CNN Late Edition, 8 September 2002
Transcript: Colin Powell on Fox News Sunday, Sunday, September 08, 2002
Nicholas Lemann, "The War on What?: The White House and the Debate About Whom to Fight Next," The New Yorker, 9 September
2002
Jim Lobe, "US and the triumph of unilateralism," Asia Times Online, 10 September 2002
Francis Fukuyama, "U.S. vs. Them: Opposition to American policies must not become the chief passion in global politics," The
Washington Post, September 11, 2002; Page A17
UK Joint Intelligence Committee, Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Assessment of the British Government, September 2002
Defense Intelligence Agency, Iraq - Key WMD Facilities - An Operational Support Study, September 2002 (Extract)
U.S. State Department, A Decade of Deception and Defiance, September 12, 2002
President George W. Bush, Remarks at the United Nations General Assembly, New York, New York, September 12, 2002
Bishop Wilton D. Gregory, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Office of Social Development & World Peace, Letter
to President Bush on Iraq, September 13, 2002
US, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Publication 3-06, Doctrine for Joint Urban Operations, 16 September 2002
US, Department of State, "White House Chronicles Iraqi Obstruction of Unconditional Inspections in Iraq," 17 September 2002
Agence France-Presse, "In Bush's Words: 'Use All Means' on Iraq," text of the resolution that President Bush sent to Congress,
seeking approval for action against Iraq, New York Times, 20 September 2002
President George W. Bush, "The National Security Strategy of the United States," New York Times, 20 September 2002
William Saletan, "Bush's whitewashed national security manifesto," Slate, 20 September 2002
Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Assessment of the British Government, 24 September 2002
Albert Eisele, HILL PROFILE: George F. Kennan, "At 98, veteran diplomat declares Congress must take lead on war with Iraq,
The Hill, 25 September 2002
National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice talks with Margaret Warner about Iraq, the United Nations, the United States' new
pre-emptive strike doctrine and recent criticism from Democratic leaders, PBS, 25 September 2002
Josef Joffe, "The Alliance is Dead. Long Live the New Alliance," New York Times, 29 September 2002
US, CIA, Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction Programs, October 2002
US, Director of Central Intelligence, National Intelligence Estimate, Iraq's Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction,
October 2002
Brookings Institution, A Brookings Forum on the Bush Doctrine, 4 October 2002
President Bush's Speech on the Use of Force Against Iraq, New York Times, October 8, 2002
David Armstrong, "Dick Cheney's Song of America: Drafting a Plan for Global Dominance," Harper's, October 2002
US, The White House, "President Bush Outlines Iraqi Threat," October 7, 2002
Letter, George J. Tenet, Director of Central Intelligence, to Senator Bob Graham, Chairman of the Senate Select Committee
on Intelligence, October 7, 2002
US, Department of Defense, Iraqi Denial and Deception for Weapons of Mass Destruction & Ballistic Missile Programs, October
8, 2002
Letter, George J. Tenet, Director of Central Intelligence, to Senator Bob Graham, Chairman of the Senate Select Committee
on Intelligence, October 7, 2002
Robert D. Kaplan "A Post-Saddam Scenario," The Atlantic Monthly, November 2002
U.S., Central Intelligence Agency, National Intelligence Estimate, Key Judgments, "Iraq's Continuing Programs for Weapons
of Mass Destruction," October 2002. "If Baghdad acquires sufficient fissile material from abroad it could make a nuclear weapon
within several months to a year. Without such material from abroad, Iraq probably would not be able to make a weapon until
2007 to 2009, owing to inexperience in building and operating centrifuge facilities to produce highly enriched uranium and
challenges in procuring the necessary equipment and expertise."
U.S., Central Intelligence Agency, National Intelligence Estimate, "Iraq's Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction,"
October 2002
U.S., Central Intelligence Agency, National Intelligence Estimate - CIA Unclassified version, "Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction
Programs," October 2002, Unclassified, Source: CIA public release, October 2002
C.I.A. Letter to Senate on Baghdad's Intentions, New York Times, October 9, 2002
Jane Mayer, "A Doctrine Passes," New Yorker, October 10, 2002
US, Congress, "Joint Resolution to Authorize the use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq," New York Times, 11 October
2002
"In Rumsfeld's Words: Guidelines for Committing Forces," New York Times, October 14, 2002
Sabrina Tavernise, "Oil Prize, Past and Present, Ties Russia to Iraq," New York Times, October 17, 2002
US, Public Broadcasting System, Ben Wattenberg, Think Tank, Interview with Max Boot, Adam Garfinkel, and Samantha Power, "The
Bush Doctrine."
John Lewis Gaddis, "A Grand Strategy," Foreign Policy, November/December 2002
Robert D. Kaplan, "A Post-Saddam Scenario," The Atlantic Monthly, November 2002
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 on Iraq, 8 November 2002
Interview with Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld on Infinity Radio, 14 November 2002
Letter Submitted by Iraq to the United Nations, New York Time, November 14, 2002
Alan Wolfe, "The Phantom Empire," Boston Globe, 17 November 2002
President George W. Bush, National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction, December 2002
James A. Paul, "Iraq: the Struggle for Oil," Executive Director, Global Policy Forum, August, 2002 (revised December, 2002)
William Nordhaus, "Iraq: The Economic Consequences of War," New York Review of Books, 5 December 2002
Iraq, Table of Contents, Currently Accurate, Full and Complete Declaration December 7, 2002, w/covering letter from Mohammed
A. Aldouri, Permanent Representative to the U.N.
Kenneth Katzman, Congressional Research Service, Iraq: Weapons Threat, Compliance, Sanctions, and U.S. Policy, December 10,
2002
US, Department of State, Fact Sheet: Illustrative Examples of Omissions From the Iraqi Declaration to the United Nations Security
Council, December 19, 2002
Robert Kagan, "War And the Fickle Left," Washington Post, Tuesday, December 24, 2002; Page A15
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Documents
of Interest
Terrorism and U.S. Policy
Afghanistan: Lessons from the Last War
BIOWAR: The Nixon Administration's Decision to End U.S. Biological
Warfare Programs
The Once and Future King?: From the Secret Files on King Zahir's Reign,
1970-1973
Anthrax at Sverdlovsk, 1979: U.S. Intelligence on the Deadliest Modern
Outbreak
The Taliban File
Iraqi Conflict Documents Continued
2002
2003
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